If large areas of your lawn have suddenly disappeared or turned brown, fall armyworms may be the cause. The fall armyworm is technically a cutworm, but when the larvae (worms) are numerous, they feed in an “armyworm” habit, consuming nearly all vegetation in their path.

Fall armyworms can feed on over 80 plant species, but they prefer warm season grasses such as corn, sorghum, Bermudagrass, and crabgrass.

Damage to tall fescue caused by fall armyworm feeding. (Charlotte Glenn, NC State Extension Master Gardener Volunteer Coordinator).

Tall fescue is typically not their first choice, but this year, I’ve seen a few tall fescue lawns completely devoured by this insect.

Established lawns may recover from the feeding damage. However, if the damage coincides with hot, dry conditions, the yard will not recover and will need to be reseeded.

Where Do Armyworms Come From?

The adult fall armyworm is a small moth with gray and brown wings. These insects do not overwinter in North Carolina. The adult moths migrate northward from Florida and the Gulf coast each summer. The female moth lays around 1,000 eggs in masses of 50 or more. The eggs are typically laid on vertical structures such as houses, shrubs, trees, fences, or mailboxes. The small caterpillars hatch from their eggs and set out in search of food.

At first, feeding is not noticeable because the worms are very small.

A fall armyworm feeding on a blade of grass (Clemson University – USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org)

After a couple of weeks, the caterpillars are larger and feed voraciously as they march across turf areas, eating all above ground green leaf tissue and leaving behind large areas of thatch and brown turf. After feeding for 2 to 3 weeks, the caterpillars burrow into the top inch of the soil to pupate. Within 2 weeks, a new population of moths emerge to start the cycle over again. Fall armyworm can be a problem until a killing frost in October.

Treatment of Fall Armyworms

Often by the time fall armyworm damage is noticed, the caterpillars have finished feeding and have moved into the soil to pupate (transform into an adult). Treating at this stage is ineffective.

However, if the damage is noticed quickly enough, treatment can be somewhat effective.

A telltale indication the caterpillar is the fall armyworm is the distinctive inverted “Y” on its head.

Begin by looking at the edge of the damaged area. Fall armyworms feed most actively in the early morning and late afternoon. Also look for flocks of birds feeding along the edge of damaged turf. Getting down on hands and knees to search will be necessary. Fall armyworms vary in color from green to brown to almost black. Typically, they are 1” to 1 ½” long when they are noticed. One give away to their identification is the distinctive inverted “Y” on the head.

Many insecticides marketed for turf pests will control fall armyworm. Chemical control is needed if natural enemies do not keep infestations below the economic threshold of 1 caterpillar per square foot. The key to control is catching the problem early. However, it is quite often too late to treat when the damage is noticed.

When using any pesticide, always read and follow all label directions. To minimize harm to honeybees, never apply insecticides to open flowers. White clover blooms in the lawn are attractive to bees. If this is the case, mow before treating to remove the flowers. Waiting until late afternoon is also advisable because the bees will have returned to the hive and the armyworms will be out feeding. Preventive fall armyworm applications are not recommended.

Thanks to Mrs. Charlotte Glenn, NC State Extension Master Gardener℠ Volunteer Coordinator, for help with this article. For answers to your agricultural questions, call the N.C. Cooperative Extension, Caldwell County Center at 828-757-1290 or visit us online anytime.